home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- @071 CHAP 2
-
- ┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- │ CHOICE OF ENTITY: PROFESSIONAL SERVICE │
- │ BUSINESSES AND SIMILAR OPERATIONS │
- └─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
-
- Traditionally, C corporations (professional service corpor-
- ations) have been the legal vehicle of choice for most
- providers of professional services, as well as some enter-
- tainers and professional athletes. This was primarily to
- take advantage of qualified pension and profit sharing
- plans, tax deductible fringe benefits (medical insurance,
- etc.), income deferral from using a fiscal tax year and low
- tax rates on net income retained by the corporation. Even
- professional partnerships were often structured so that the
- partners in the partnership were mostly or entirely profes-
- sional corporations set up by the individual professionals
- (primarily to take advantage of certain provisions of the
- tax laws regarding pension plans).
-
- Most of these excellent reasons for operating as C corpora-
- tions began to disappear in 1982. Since 1984, Keogh and S
- corporation pension and profit sharing plans have been
- given virtual "parity" with C corporation plans; the 1986
- Act did away with fiscal years for most new personal ser-
- vice corporations and virtually prohibited the use of sep-
- arate pension plans for each corporate partner in a part-
- nership; and the Revenue Act of 1987 did away with gradu-
- ated tax rates for "qualified personal service corpora-
- tions," thus subjecting ALL taxable income of such corpor-
- ations to a flat rate tax of 35%. (Of course, not all kinds
- of service businesses are subject to each of the above new
- restrictions on personal service corporations, since the
- definitions vary slightly in each instance.)
-
- In addition, all C corporations are now subject to eventual
- double taxation on appreciated corporate assets when such
- corporations are eventually liquidated, and are potentially
- subject each year to alternative minimum tax where "adjusted
- current earnings" differ from regular taxable income for var-
- ious corporate income and deduction items. Those corpora-
- tions subject to the 35% flat tax rate must now also be very
- careful in paying out enough salary each year to zero out
- taxable income, to avoid paying this high tax rate.
-
- Also, where a new business is expected to operate at a loss
- for a year or more, such losses must be carried forward by
- a C corporation (for 15 years) until the corporation gen-
- erates enough income to use up the losses, or the carry-
- overs expire. For an unincorporated service business or
- one operating as an S corporation (or as a "limited liabil-
- ity company" or "limited liability partnership," in certain
- states), these early losses may be used by the individual
- owners immediately to offset their other income of any kind.
- (These would not ordinarily be considered passive losses.)
- Note, however, that for shareholders of an S corporation to
- utilize losses, their losses may be claimed on their indi-
- vidual tax returns only to the extent of their tax basis in
- their S corporation stock, plus the amount of any loans
- they have made directly to the S corporation (simply agree-
- ing to guarantee a loan made to the corporation by a lender
- will NOT give the shareholder any tax basis).
-
- Personal service corporations that are C corporations still
- enjoy an advantage over S corporations and unincorporated
- businesses with regard to deductibility of fringe benefits
- for employee-owners, though. However, the rules prohibit-
- ing discrimination against rank-and-file employees in cov-
- erage and benefits under these benefit plans have gradually
- been tightened in recent years.
-
- While it is not possible to make any blanket recommendation
- as to the legal form a new personal service business should
- adopt, most advisers today seem to agree that the typical
- professional service corporation should probably avoid C
- corporation status and should strongly consider becoming an
- S corporation or remaining unincorporated, instead. The
- deck has simply become too heavily stacked against most
- kinds of personal service corporations (other than S cor-
- porations). Where limited liability is important, an S
- corporation will now often be preferable to operating as a
- proprietorship or partnership. Note that in virtually all
- states, a "professional corporation" (medical, law, accoun-
- tancy, etc.) does NOT confer limited liability on its share-
- holders for purposes of malpractice claims, however.
-
- A number of states now allow professionals to operate their
- practices in the form of a limited liability company ("LLC").
- LLC laws have been enacted in all but 3 states. However,
- many such states don't allow professionals to use the LLC
- form -- but a number of those states allow a similar type of
- organization called a "limited liability partnership," or LLP.
- In states where professionals can operate in LLC or LLP for-
- mat, they will benefit from some reduction in personal liabil-
- ity, but only to the same limited extent as a professional
- corporation; that is, practitioners will still be personally
- liable for their own acts of professional malpractice. An LLP
- or LLC for a professional is treated like a partnership for
- tax purposes (with the same advantages and disadvantages, as
- compared with a C corporation), but with the added benefit of
- SOME reduction of personal liability exposure, which is not
- provided by a partnership.
-
- @IF173xx]Since your firm operates in a professional service business,
- @IF173xx]it is probable that a professional corporation (or LLC) won't
- @IF173xx]provide limited liability for @NAME.
-
- @IF175xx]PLANNING POINT FOR YOUR FIRM, @NAME:
- @IF175xx]┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
- @IF175xx]│Because your firm's business is consulting, however, rather│
- @IF175xx]│than being in a "profession" such as law of medicine, you │
- @IF175xx]│should be able to obtain limited liability by operating the│
- @IF175xx]│business in corporate form, without being a "professional │
- @IF175xx]│corporation." │
- @IF175xx]└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘